The queen rearing season as well as the origin of the queens affected the queens’ weight, acceptance, preoviposition period, volume of the spermatheca, and quantity and quality of sperm in the spermatheca. Queen honeybees of Apis mellifera ligustica and Apis mellifera syriaca were raised to investigate physiological and reproductive characteristics and to determine the most suitable time for queen rearing under semi-arid conditions in Jordan. Aquellos métodos estadísticos y condiciones previas de datos para la estimación de valores de cruzamiento que integren los datos genealógicos y de rendimiento de tantas colonias como sea posible, se describen como los métodos de Se presentan recomendaciones normalizadas para la organización de pruebas de rendimiento y la medición de los caracteres de selección más comunes. La mejora de las características de colonias por lo general, depende de ensayos comparativos entre colonias. Las recomendaciones para el manejo y control de calidad de las reinas completan la sección de cría de reinas. Dado que el éxito de los programas de mejora depende en gran medida el apareamiento selectivo de reinas, se dedica un subcapítulo a la gestión y control de calidad de las estaciones de apareamiento. Se describen las condiciones básicas y las diferentes técnicas de manejo para la cría de reinas, incluyendo recomendaciones para el equipo técnico adecuado. Las recomendaciones tienen el propósito de servir de igual forma como estándares para fines apícolas tanto científicos como prácticos. Métodos estándar para la cría y selección de reinas de Apis mellifera Resumen Se describe una amplia gama de métodos actualmente en uso y recomendables sobre la cría actual de reinas, su selección y cruzamiento. Because the subject of queen rearing and selection is too large to be covered within this paper, plenty of references are given to facilitate comprehensive studies. Alternative breeding programmes for small populations or certain scientific questions are briefly mentioned, including also an overview of the young and fast developing field of molecular selection tools. Statistical methods and data preconditions for the estimation of breeding values which integrate pedigree and performance data from as many colonies as possible are described as the most efficient selection method for large populations. Standardized recommendations for the organization of performance tests and the measurement of the most common selection characters are presented. The improvement of colony traits usually depends on a comparative testing of colonies. Recommendations for the handling and quality control of queens complete the queen rearing section. As the success of breeding programmes strongly depends on the selective mating of queens, a subchapter is dedicated to the management and quality control of mating stations. The basic conditions and different management techniques for queen rearing are described, including recommendations for suitable technical equipment. The recommendations are meant to equally serve as standards for both scientific and practical beekeeping purposes. Here we cover a wide range of methods currently in use and recommended in modern queen rearing, selection and breeding. In both cases, queenless workers, which are not able to reproduce themselves when deprived of protein, dramatically respond to the presence of drones. Alternatively, queenless workers might try to recruit other individuals to take care of males. We hypothesize that drones are able to communicate their presence to workers without direct contact. This suggests that our results reveal the existence of a mechanism that drones use to increase their fitness. At the same time, the survival rate of the drones was surprisingly high. We found that the presence of drones reduced the life expectancy of workers, even if the workers were prevented from direct contact with the drones (double-mesh-type test). Here, we report on the longevity cost incurred by queenless workers that provide care for adult drones under conditions of food resources limited to hydrocarbons only. In the honey bee, drones (males) are produced and maintained only in the swarming season, or if a colony loses its queen. The honey bee, Apis mellifera, has been extensively used as a model in gerontological research, although the presence of adult males has been a factor so far neglected in investigations of the social regulation of worker aging.
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